Первые государства в ЗакавказьеThe Caucasus is a region between the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Encompassing the Caucasus Mountains, some modern countries in the region include Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Some parts of the Caucasus were the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion. и в Средней АзииCentral Asia is a geographic region that includes modern day countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Including a large portion of steppe land, much of Central Asias history is tied to nomadism.. Самые древние государства в нашей стране возникли на юге ЗакавказьяThe Caucasus is a region between the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Encompassing the Caucasus Mountains, some modern countries in the region include Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Some parts of the Caucasus were the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion.. Это было около 3000 лет назад. Первое государство ЗакавказьяThe Caucasus is a region between the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Encompassing the Caucasus Mountains, some modern countries in the region include Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Some parts of the Caucasus were the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion. называлось УрартуUrartu was a kingdom that existed in modern day Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Frequently at odds with Assyria, it existed from the 9th to 6th centuries BCE.. Оно находилось в районе Арарата у Байского озера. На территории этого государства сложились впоследствии ГрузияGeorgia is a country in the Caucasus that borders the Black Sea, Turkey, Russia, and Armenia. Once a republic in the USSR, Georgia has an expansive history encompassing thousands of years. Its capital city is Tbilisi, and it is the birthplace of Joseph Stalin. и АрменияArmenia is a country in the Caucasus that borders Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. The Kingdom of Armenia was the first ever empire to accept Christianity as the state religion. Armenia would be the victim of a genocidal campaign carried out by the Ottoman Empire in the 1910s.. У царей УрартуUrartu was a kingdom that existed in modern day Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Frequently at odds with Assyria, it existed from the 9th to 6th centuries BCE. было много рабов, которые строили им дворцы, рыли каналы для орошения царских полей и садов.
Цари УрартуUrartu was a kingdom that existed in modern day Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Frequently at odds with Assyria, it existed from the 9th to 6th centuries BCE. вели постоянные войны с соседними государствами. Войны были очень жестокими. Это видно из надписи, которую по приказанию одного из царей УрартуUrartu was a kingdom that existed in modern day Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Frequently at odds with Assyria, it existed from the 9th to 6th centuries BCE. его рабы выбили на скале:
«Шестьдесят четыре тысячи человек частью я смерти предал, частью живыми увёл».
Такие же государства были и в Средней АзииCentral Asia is a geographic region that includes modern day countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Including a large portion of steppe land, much of Central Asias history is tied to nomadism.. Это были государства родоначальников нынешних узбековThe Uzbeks are the people of modern day Uzbekistan, and are Turkic by ethnicity., таджиковThe Tajiks are the people of modern day Tajikistan, and are Persianate by ethnicity., туркменThe Turkmens are the people of Turkmenistan, and are Turkic by ethnicity. They were once referred to as the Oghuz.. Их правители также постоянно воевали со своими соседями.
В древнейших государствах ЗакавказьяThe Caucasus is a region between the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Encompassing the Caucasus Mountains, some modern countries in the region include Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Some parts of the Caucasus were the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion. и Средней АзииCentral Asia is a geographic region that includes modern day countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Including a large portion of steppe land, much of Central Asias history is tied to nomadism. было много городов. Для защиты от врагов вокруг городов возводились высокие каменные стены. Искусные мастера и рабы строили дома для богачей, помещения для складов товаров и для торговли. В городах жило много ремесленников, шла оживлённая торговля.
Жители городов изобрели азбуку и научились читать и писать. Так, в ГрузииGeorgia is a country in the Caucasus that borders the Black Sea, Turkey, Russia, and Armenia. Once a republic in the USSR, Georgia has an expansive history encompassing thousands of years. Its capital city is Tbilisi, and it is the birthplace of Joseph Stalin. более 2000 лет назад была изобретена азбука. В городах появились первые учёные, стали развиваться науки и искусство.
Народы, жившие в древности в СибириSiberia is a region that is now part of Russia. Import cities in Siberia include Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk, and Vladivostok, and important geographical markers include Lake Baikal, the Ural Mountains, and the Ob River. Historically, many prisoners of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union were sent to this region. и в Восточной Европе. В южной СибириSiberia is a region that is now part of Russia. Import cities in Siberia include Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk, and Vladivostok, and important geographical markers include Lake Baikal, the Ural Mountains, and the Ob River. Historically, many prisoners of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union were sent to this region. и у Чёрного моря издавна жили многочисленные племена кочевников-скотоводов. Под начальством своих царей они переходили в степяхThe steppes are a geographic region that spans from Ukraine to Mongolia. Associated with nomadism, the horse comes from this biome, and important states such as the Mongol Empire would arise here. с одного места на другое со стадами рогатого скота и табунами лошадей в поисках хороших пастбищ. Около 2500 лет назад среди этих племён особенно выделялись своим могуществом кочевники скифыThe Scythians were a group of nomadic people from modern day Russia, Ukraine, Iran, and Turkey. The Scythians controlled an expansive kingdom from the 8th to 3rd century BCE, and were some of the first recorded nomads that interacted with Europeans, often interacting with the Greeks.. Под властью скифскихThe Scythians were a group of nomadic people from modern day Russia, Ukraine, Iran, and Turkey. The Scythians controlled an expansive kingdom from the 8th to 3rd century BCE, and were some of the first recorded nomads that interacted with Europeans, often interacting with the Greeks. царей было много кочевых и оседлых земледельческих племён и рабов.
Более 2500 лет назад на северные берега Чёрного моря приплыли на кораблях переселенцы из ГрецииIn this textbook, Greece can refer to the Ancient Greek city states or the modern day nation state of Greece. Both lie in the Mediterranean Sea, and are composed of multiple islands. On occasion, the textbook refers to the Byzantine Empire as Greece.. ГрекиThe Greeks were both the people of Ancient Greek city states, and modern day Greece. Sometimes, the Greeks also are used to describe the subjects of the Byzantine Empire построили здесь несколько городов и повели большую торговлю со скифамиThe Scythians were a group of nomadic people from modern day Russia, Ukraine, Iran, and Turkey. The Scythians controlled an expansive kingdom from the 8th to 3rd century BCE, and were some of the first recorded nomads that interacted with Europeans, often interacting with the Greeks.. Они покупали у скифовThe Scythians were a group of nomadic people from modern day Russia, Ukraine, Iran, and Turkey. The Scythians controlled an expansive kingdom from the 8th to 3rd century BCE, and were some of the first recorded nomads that interacted with Europeans, often interacting with the Greeks. скот, хлеб, рыбу и отправляли за морс в ГрециюIn this textbook, Greece can refer to the Ancient Greek city states or the modern day nation state of Greece. Both lie in the Mediterranean Sea, and are composed of multiple islands. On occasion, the textbook refers to the Byzantine Empire as Greece.. Постепенно греческие города разрослись и объединились в целое государство.
Богатые греческие правители и купцы сами не работали. Всю работу для них выполняли рабы, большей частью из скифовThe Scythians were a group of nomadic people from modern day Russia, Ukraine, Iran, and Turkey. The Scythians controlled an expansive kingdom from the 8th to 3rd century BCE, and were some of the first recorded nomads that interacted with Europeans, often interacting with the Greeks., взятых в плен. 2000 лет назад скифы-рабыThe Scythians were a group of nomadic people from modern day Russia, Ukraine, Iran, and Turkey. The Scythians controlled an expansive kingdom from the 8th to 3rd century BCE, and were some of the first recorded nomads that interacted with Europeans, often interacting with the Greeks. под руководством раба Савмака подняли восстание против своих угнетателей и захватили власть в свои руки. Но восстание рабов было подавлено иноземными войсками, прибывшими из-за моря.
Раб в кандалах.
В IV веке нашей эры на греческие города напали сильные кочевники гунны и разгромили их. Грозный владыка гунновThe Huns were a group of nomads that inhabited Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. Often at odds with the Roman Empire, they would lead successful military campaigns in the 4th and 6th centuries, many of which were under the rule of Attila. АттилаAttila the Hun (r. 434-453) was a prolific king of the Huns. Under his leadership, the Huns would successfully invade Gaul and Italy. в V веке из степей Причерноморья пошёл походом на народы Западной Европы и покорил многие из них. Но после смерти АттилыAttila the Hun (r. 434-453) was a prolific king of the Huns. Under his leadership, the Huns would successfully invade Gaul and Italy. его царство распалось под натиском других кочевников, пришедших из Азии. В VI веке на месте владений гуннов на Волге образовалось государство кочевников хазар, а выше по Волге — государство болгар.
С хазарамиThe Khazars were a group of Turkic nomads that controlled territory in the Crimean region, Caucasus, and Ukraine. By the 8th century, the Khazars would convert to Judaism, and were often at odds with the Kievan Rus. и болгарамиThe Bulgars were a group of Turkic nomads that held influence in the Danube region. Not to be confused with the Bulgarians, the Bulgars were often at odds with the Byzantines, with the Khan Krum killing Emperor Nikephoros I. много лет воевали жившие по соседству с ними славянские племена.